The Effect of NaCl on the Krafft Temperature and Related Behavior of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide in Aqueous Solution

This paper presents the effect of NaCl on the Krafft temperature (T _K), surface adsorption and bulk micellization of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in aqueous solution. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of CTAB in the presence of NaCl increased and then decreased with increasing temperature. Thus, the CMC–temperature data can be represented by a bell-shaped curve. The micellar dissociation (fraction of counterion binding) and energetic parameters (free energy, enthalpy and entropy changes) of both adsorption and micellization were calculated. The processes were found to be both enthalpy and entropy controlled and appeared to be more and more enthalpy driven with increasing temperature. An enthalpy–entropy compensation rule was observed for both adsorption and micelle formation. The T _K of the surfactant decreased significantly in the presence of NaCl, which is a sharp contrast to the usual behavior of the effect of electrolytes on the T _K of classical ionic surfactants. The surface excess concentrations decreased with increasing temperature. However, the values were much higher in the presence of NaCl compared to the corresponding values in pure water. The solubilization behavior of a water-insoluble dye, Sudan red B (SRB), in the micellar system was studied by the UV–visible spectrophotometric technique. The molar solubilization ratio in the presence of NaCl was found to be about three times higher than that in pure water, indicating that the solubilization of SRB in the CTAB micelles significantly increases in the presence of NaCl.     

东营凹陷沙河街组四段上亚段细粒沉积岩岩相特征及与沉积环境的关系

细粒沉积岩的岩相特征影响泥页岩的生烃能力与储集性能,与沉积环境的相互关系分析亦可丰富细粒沉积的研究。然而目前针对陆相细粒沉积岩岩相的研究较为薄弱,基于岩相成因,与沉积环境相结合的岩相特征分析较少。基于大量岩心、薄片、X射线衍射及地球化学数据,以成分为第一要素,以东营凹陷沙河街组四段上亚段细粒沉积岩为例,划分出4大类、12种岩相类型,分析每一种岩相的宏观、微观、成分及成因特征。通过矿物成分、地球化学等多参数的分析发现,沙河街组四段上亚段沉积环境分为4个阶段。沉积环境通过控制岩相主要成分而控制了岩相的类别与发育;沉积环境的旋回性与阶段性变化导致岩相的旋回性与阶段性变化;沉积环境控制岩相发育,岩相亦能反应沉积环境的变化。在细粒沉积分析中,不能排除突发事件(海侵、浊流等)对岩相及沉积环境的影响。     

海拉尔盆地查干诺尔凹陷伊敏组孢粉组合及其地质意义

为了建立查干诺尔凹陷伊敏组钻井地层等时对比标准和恢复沉积时期的古气候,对海参8井伊敏组开展了孢粉地层学和孢粉古气候学的系统研究。使用盐酸—氢氟酸冷处理法获取了岩石中十分丰富的孢粉化石,自下而上划分为2个孢粉组合,Lygodioisporites-Cyathidites-Triporoletes组合分布于伊敏组1段,Leiotriletes-PilosisporiteAsteropollis组合分布于伊敏组2+3段,是研究区钻井地层等时对比的有效标志。孢粉组合对比表明,伊敏组的地质时代为Barremian至Aptian期。依据孢粉谱恢复古气候的演变规律为:伊敏组1段植被演替是针叶-灌木林→灌草丛→常绿阔叶林、灌草丛→针叶-灌木林,气候由湿润的热带向热带、北亚热带气候转变;伊敏组2+3段植被演替是灌草丛→针阔叶混交林、灌草丛→针叶林、灌草丛→针阔叶混交林,气候属于湿润的热带气候。     

川西坳陷中段须四段储层定量成岩相特征

利用储层地质学理论与方法,对川西坳陷中段须四段储层压实、胶结和溶蚀3种主控成岩作用的成岩强度定量计算,厘定成岩强度标准,并在此基础上划分成岩相类型,建立不同类型成岩相测井响应特征,研究成岩相平面展布特征。结果表明:压实强度划分为弱、中、中强和强4个标准,胶结程度及溶蚀程度均划分为弱、中和强3个标准,将川西坳陷中段须四段储层划分为中强压实中溶蚀相、强压实中溶蚀相、强胶结弱溶蚀相、强压实弱溶蚀相、强胶结相和强压实相6种成岩相类型,成岩相平面展布受物源和沉积相的控制作用明显。其中,中强压实中溶蚀相和强压实中溶蚀相为有利的储集相带,平面上主要分布在孝新合构造带和中江—洛带地区,纵向上,上亚段相对优质成岩相储层物性好于下亚段。     

川中地区中二叠统茅口组白云岩特征及成因机理

川中地区茅口组白云岩主要位于茅口组二段中、上部和茅口组三段下部,根据岩石学特征可分为含灰质细—中晶白云岩、细—中晶白云岩、角砾白云岩,且以后两者为主。对比泥晶灰岩与不同类型白云岩样品地球化学特征后发现,白云岩相对于同层灰岩具有较低的Fe含量、较高的Mn含量和较低的Sr含量;泥晶灰岩与不同类型白云岩具有相似的稀土配分特征,均表现为LREE亏损、轻微正La异常和负Ce异常,且白云岩样品具有微弱的Eu正异常;细—中晶白云岩与角砾白云岩δ~(18)O值均明显低于原始灰岩,而~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值则明显高于原始泥晶灰岩。不同类型白云岩与灰岩相似的稀土配分特征表明茅口组白云岩形成过程中保留了原始灰岩的部分地球化学特征,而白云岩微弱Eu正异常及其与灰岩同位素差异性可能是由于白云岩化过程中高温地质热流体的参与而引发的。茅口组白云岩化作用受多种因素控制:地层残余海水和岩浆活动伴生的热液流体为白云岩化作用中Mg的主要来源;峨眉山大火成岩省热效应为白云岩化提供异常高的古地温背景;断裂系统为异常地温对流和白云岩化流体提供了快速运移通道;颗粒滩相灰岩较好的孔、渗性使之比泥晶灰岩更易发生白云岩化。峨眉山大火成岩省伴生的异常地温和充足Mg供给是茅口组发生白云岩化的关键,不同类型白云岩形成于白云岩化过程的不同阶段。     

克拉通盆地微古地貌恢复的构造趋势面转换法

为推算克拉通盆地弱构造变形区海相沉积期微幅度古地貌,提出了一种基于构造趋势面转换的沉积期微幅度古地貌推算方法。方法假设克拉通盆地的多阶段升降或扭转构造运动表现为构造趋势面的变动,但该变动并没有改变局部古高地与其周围地形的拟构造幅度。该方法的技术流程为,首先利用现今构造图及其趋势面求得拟构造幅度;然后将地层剥蚀线的平均走向近似于沉积期构造趋势面的走向,求得沉积期构造趋势面倾向;利用将今论古的思想借用现今潮坪相平均坡度作为沉积期构造趋势面的倾角;最后将沉积期构造趋势面与拟构造幅度相加即得沉积期古地形图。在此基础上,结合取心井的岩石学、白云石化类型,可以更好地确定海相沉积体系中各亚相或微相的分布范围。将此方法应用于苏里格气田东区下奥陶统马家沟组五段5亚段潮坪相碳酸盐岩地层的应用效果表明,研究区构造趋势面由NW—SE倾向变动到NE—SW倾向,其并没有改变沉积期局部古地貌与其周围地形的相对高低关系,该方法能够有效地刻画出潮坪相沉积期微幅度古地貌。沉积期水下微幅度古地貌隆起部位是控制该区潮坪相碳酸盐岩颗粒滩分布的关键因素,颗粒滩又是后期白云石化并发育为优质储层最有利的微相。因此,在准确刻画沉积期微幅度古地貌的基础上可以发现高产气井。该方法可以为其他克拉通盆地弱构造变形区沉积期古地貌研究提供有益的思路。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组第7油层组致密油资源评价

总结了鄂尔多斯盆地延长组第7油层组(简称长7)致密油研究及勘探进展,从砂岩展布、物性特征、致密油充注时间和成藏期次等方面研究长7致密油地质特征,并按特征将致密油划分为A类和B类。在此基础上,采用小面元法和EUR类比法分别计算长7致密油地质资源量和可采资源量。评价结果揭示:长7致密油地质资源量和可采资源量分别为41.78×10~8t和3.73×10~8t,高资源丰度区主要分布在Ning 89井西侧、华池—马岭—环县一带、姬塬和AP11井附近。研究思路和评价结果为中国致密油资源评价及勘探生产提供有益参考。     

川中地区寒武系龙王庙组沥青成因与油气成藏史

运用有机岩石学、有机地球化学和扫描电镜等方法和技术,深入研究了川中地区寒武系龙王庙组中高演化沥青的成因类型、形成期次和来源;并在此基础上,结合包裹体及构造演化特征等,恢复了安岳气田龙王庙组气藏的成藏史。结果表明:(1)川中地区龙王庙组储层中沥青均来自于下寒武统烃源岩,沥青成因类型多样,以热裂解成因为主;(2)沥青的形成分为3个阶段,第1阶段为氧化水洗型沥青的形成,第2阶段为沉淀型沥青的形成,第3阶段为热裂解成因沥青的形成;(3)安岳气田龙王庙组气藏先后经历了5期的油气充注,包括2期液态烃的充注、晚三叠世—早侏罗世干酪根裂解气的充注、晚侏罗世—早白垩世原油裂解气的充注以及喜马拉雅期圈闭改造调整阶段干气的充注。     

DEPOSITIONAL AND DIAGENETIC BARRIERS,BAFFLES AND CONDUITS: PERMIAN – CARBONIFEROUS UNAYZAH RESERVOIR,NUAYYIM FIELD,CENTRAL SAUDI ARABIA

The Unayzah Formation is one of the most important Palaeozoic reservoir systems in Saudi Arabia. In the Nuayyim field, Central Saudi Arabia, it produces light, sweet crude oil and consists of three main reservoir units, in descending stratigraphic order: Unayzah A, B and C. These reservoir units include a wide range of depositional facies deposited under a variety of climatic conditions, from high‐latitude glacio‐fluvial to more temperate playa/lacustrine, floodplain and braided‐fluvial to hot‐arid aeolian environments. Together with the diagenetic changes superimposed on the various depositional facies, this has produced complex reservoir heterogeneity. The effects of this diagenetic and sedimentologic complexity on reservoir quality and compartmentalization are the subject of this paper. Approximately 816 ft of core and 611 core plug samples were examined from three wells which penetrate, completely or in part, the Unayzah reservoir. We combine petrographic and scanning electron microscope analysis with porosity and permeability data and calculated pore throat dimensions to identify fluid conduits, barriers and baffles to fluid flow. A rock classification scheme is proposed which takes into account whether the pore‐level control on fluid flow is due to depositional or diagenetic processes and the composition of depositional or diagenetic phases within the pores. Distinguishing depositional versus diagenetic controls on fluid flow is important for predicting the three‐dimensional geometry of conduits, barriers and baffles, and a priori knowledge of potential reactions between injected fluids and reservoir rocks is important for designing enhanced oil recovery fluids. In the three wells studied, it appears that the Unayzah reservoir is compartmentalized vertically due to the occurrence of diagenetic and depositional barriers and baffles. There is insufficient data to assess the lateral or areal extent of the barriers, baffles and fluid conduits, but the understanding of pore‐level controls on reservoir quality and the rock classification schemes introduced here will provide a starting point for future studies. These studies should combine well logs, seismic and engineering data with data presented here to assist mapping conduits, barriers and baffles across the field. The proposed classification schemes may also prove to be useful for assessing reservoirs in other fields both within Saudi Arabia and elsewhere.